Endogenous Money Implications For The Money Supply...

Endogenous Money: Implications for the Money Supply Process, Interest Rates, and Macroeconomics Abstract Endogenous money represents a mainstay of Post Keynesian (PK) macroeconomics. PK theory challenged monetarism’s description of the money supply process. The focus of PK endogenous money theory is the mechanics of the money supply process. PK theory is itself divided between â€Å"horizontalist† and â€Å"structuralist† approaches to the money supply. Horizontalists believe the behavior of financial institutions is unconstrained by the availability of liquidity (reserves) provided by the central bank and the supply-price of finance to banks is fixed at a price set by the central bank. The important difference is that structuralists emphasize the role of bank lending in determining the money supply. Structuralists believe liquidity pressures matter and the supply price of finance to banks can increase endogenously. Endogenous money represents a mainstay of Post Keynesian (PK) macroeconomics, and the PK theory of endogenous money constitutes a significant contribution to macroeconomic theory. PK endogenous money theory emphasizes that this linkage runs predominantly from credit to money to economic activity. This contrasts with conventional representations that place money first, as reflected in the standard textbook money multiplier story in which bank deposits are said to create loans. II Against monetarism: the origins of PK endogenous money theory The cornerstone ofShow MoreRelatedForeign Aid and Economic Growth in the Developing Countries - a Cross-Country Empirical Analysis12252 Words   |  50 PagesABSTRACT OF THE THESIS Using cross-country data, I examine how foreign aid affects economic growth in developing countries over the period from 1975 to 2000. I find evidence that foreign aid significantly and negatively correlates with growth in developing countries. However, foreign aid to inland countries as well as to South Asian countries during the period of 1992-2000 is found to have a positive impact on growth. In addition, a strong divergence trend is found among countries in the dataRead MoreFinancial Intermediation and Economic Development in Nigeria9795 Words   |  40 PagesAbstract Financial intermediation is an important activity in the economy because it allows funds to be channeled from people who might otherwise not put them to productive use to people who will ultimately put the funds to productive uses. In line with the assumption that banking sector plays an important role in financing the investment projects, successive governments in Nigeria have carried out reforms and institutional innovations in the banking sector. The overall intention of these reformsRead MoreFinancial Development and Economic Growth: Evidence from China9260 Words   |  38 PagesJapan c Graduate School of Economics, Hitotsubashi University, Kunitachi, 186-8601 Tokyo, Japan d School of Mathematics and Statistics, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, 130024, China Received 17 April 2005; accepted 26 September 2005 a Abstract This paper investigates the relationship between financial development and economic growth for the case of China over the period 1952–2001. After considering the time series characteristics of the dataset, a multivariate vector autoregressive (VAR)Read MoreFinancialization Essay7910 Words   |  32 PagesFinancialization: What It Is and Why It Matters* by Thomas I. Palley The Levy Economics Institute and Economics for Democratic and Open Societies Washington, D.C. December 2007 Paper presented at a conference on â€Å"Finance-led Capitalism? Macroeconomic Effects of Changes in the Financial Sector,† sponsored by the Hans Boeckler Foundation and held in Berlin, Germany, October 26–27, 2007. My thanks to conference participants for their valuable suggestions. All errors in the paper are my ownRead MoreLinear Regression Research Paper on Determinants of Import Across Countries4407 Words   |  18 PagesStatistics Faculty University of the Philippines, Diliman In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements of Statistics 136: Regression Analysis Presented by: Mary Ann A. Boter Michael Daniel C. Lucagbo Krystalyn Candy C. Mago April 9, 2009 Abstract The level of a country’s imports measures its participation and competitiveness in the international market. As such, it is important to identify economic indicators that affect the level of imports. Economic theory rarely presents importsRead MoreThe Ethiopian Financial Sector Reform29124 Words   |  117 Pages................................................................................................... v Acronyms .................................................................................................................................. vii Abstract ..................................................................................................................................... x 1 Introduction ..............................................................................................Read MoreInstitution as the Fundamental Cause of Long Tern Growth39832 Words   |  160 Pagescredit, including  © notice, is given to the source. Institutions as the Fundamental Cause of Long-Run Growth Daron Acemoglu, Simon Johnson, and James Robinson NBER Working Paper No. 10481 May 2004 JEL No. N11, N13, N15, N16, N17, O10, P10, P17 ABSTRACT This paper develops the empirical and theoretical case that differences in economic institutions are the fundamental cause of differences in economic development. We first document the empirical importance of institutions by focusing on two quasi-naturalRead MoreAppraisal Techniques of Public Investments and Projects62994 Words   |  252 Pages....................................................................................26 3.4.2 Net future value.......................................................................................................................26 3.4.3 Internal rate of return .............................................................................................................26 3.4.4 Benefit-to-cost ratios ...............................................................................................Read MoreThe Impact of Derivatives on Cash Market21543 Words   |  87 PagesWe Learned? Stewart Mayhew Department of Banking and Finance Terry College of Business University of Georgia Athens, GA 30602-6253 October 27, 1999 Revised: February 3, 2000 The Impact of Derivatives on Cash Markets: What Have We Learned? Abstract This paper summarizes the theoretical and empirical research on how the introduction of derivative securities aï ¬â‚¬ects the underlying market. A wide array of theoretical approaches has been applied to the question of how speculative trading, the introductionRead MoreDamodaran Book on Investment Valuation, 2nd Edition398423 Words   |  1594 PagesINVESTMENT VALUATION: SECOND EDITION I will be putting my entire second edition online, while the book goes through the printing process - it will be available at the end of the year. This may seem like a bit of a free lunch, and I guess it is. I hope, though, that you can do me a favor as you go through the manuscript. If you find any mistakes - mathematical or grammatical - could you please let me know? It would help me ensure that the typos do not find their way into the final version. Chapter

Alcohol And The Fetus Essay - 1518 Words

Know When to Say When nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Drinking during pregnancy is often thought of as no big deal. However, drinking during pregnancy is a very big deal. An unborn baby’s life is in the hands of the mother. If she decides to drink, she is risking the unborn’s chances of being as smart and healthy as it can be. Drinking during pregnancy opens the doors to a variety of harmful effects on the mother and her unborn baby, and until this is brought out in the open with honesty, it cannot be prevented. There are many stereotypes about the women that drink while they are pregnant. One stereotype believed by professional doctors is that women that are college-educated and wealthy are going to drink less or not at all during†¦show more content†¦nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;According to some people, the first three months is the safest time to drink. However, there is no safe time when a pregnant mother can drink. In fact, during the first three months, the fetus is at the highest risk of being harmed (Walsh 2). Researchers concluded â€Å"that major physical defects in the human embryo, the early developing organism, can be caused by exposure to alcohol in the first trimester-that is the first three months of pregnancy† (â€Å"Fetal Alcohol†). Exposure to alcohol in the third trimester can result in decreased fetal growth (â€Å"Fetal Alcohol†). â€Å"Mothers who drink later in pregnancy chance miscarriages and giving birth to premature or low-weight babies † (Walsh 2). Even after the child is born, alcohol can be passed through the breast milk, providing alcohol directly to the baby, that is, if the mother chooses to breast-feed her child (How Alcohol). So, technically, there is no safe time to drink even after the baby is born. The fetus is not the only one harmed by alcohol consumption during pregnancy, but the mother is as well. In fact, many doctors urge women who think they are pregnant or are trying to get pregnant to stop drinking (â€Å"Fetal Alcohol†). â€Å"One percent of all mothers consume fourteen or more drinks per week during the three months before pregnancy† (Walsh 3). To the average person one percent is not too large of a proportion. However, the volume of alcohol consumed is high duringShow MoreRelatedFetal Alcohol Syndrome The Effects of Alcohol on a Fetus During Pregnancy1727 Words   |  7 Pages Fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS) is caused by fetal exposure to alcohol during pregnancy and is characterized by specific patters of fetal deformities. Researchers are unsure at what stage in the pregnancy these malformations occur or the amount of alcohol consumed to cause these deformities. FAS is the leading cause of mental retardation that is preventable. There are usually th ree factors pertaining to a diagnosis of FAS: â€Å"the presence of prenatal/postnatal growth retardation, craniofacial anomaliesRead MoreThe Effects Of Maternal Alcohol Use On A Fetus1755 Words   |  8 Pagesmaternal alcohol use on a fetus in utero, there are a multitude of other substances that are used by pregnant mothers that have similar and even, in some cases, more extreme repercussions such as marijuana, heroin, and cocaine. When speaking about pregnancy and drug use, the most common drug that comes to mind is alcohol. During 12 years of schooling, most people are exposed, at one point or another, to the idea of Fetal Alcohol Syndrome and the detrimental effects of alcohol on a fetus in uteroRead MoreThe Truth About What Alcohol Abuse Does to a Fetus1118 Words   |  5 PagesThe Truth About Fetal Alcohol Abuse Would you have ever thought of physically, mentally, and/or emotionally harming an unborn child? In the 1990s people have noted the significant impact alcohol-related birth defects are having on our society then and now. My essay will discuss alcohol consumption among pregnant women and its adverse effects on fetal development. Fetal Alcohol Syndrome or FAS is physical and mental health problem that destroys a childs learning development.Read MoreEssay on Fetal Alcohol Syndrome1390 Words   |  6 Pagesherself and the fetus growing internally healthy. If a mother is unvigilant during pregnancy and is not well nourished, it can lead to many severe abnormalities in the growing fetus. More specifically, a disorder that will be explored in this essay is Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS); caused by alcohol consumption during pregnancy. Since the alcohol is consumed in such a developing stage of the fetus, it can potentially cause many different complications in the unborn child. Fetal Alc ohol Syndrome couldRead MoreHow to Prevent Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder1030 Words   |  5 Pages Alcohol is a major part of today’s society. Individuals are constantly being exposed to alcohol on a daily basis by simple commercials on the television or while driving on the highway seeing advertisements of billboards. Alcohol is a dependent substance for many people in society because not only is it a way to release one’s stress, but it is also associated to have a good time with. Attending a holiday party at a family member’s house or a party to celebrate a birthday, alcohol is always involvedRead MorePrenatal Development And Development Of A Fetus1591 Words   |  7 Pagesof the development of a human fetus during pregnancy, from fertilization of the egg until the birth of the child. There are many factors that can contribute to the development of the fetus and many threats that can impact it. Most prenatal development occurs in a normal manner, however; there are many things that can go wrong during this vulnerable time and usually are caused by genetic or environmental factors. While the hazards that threaten the development of a fetus can be easily steered clearRead MoreEssay on Prenatal Substance Abuse954 Words   |  4 Pagesthe health and wellness of not only the fetus, but that of the mother. The harmful effects of medications, alcohol and illegal drugs on an unborn child can be devastating and can have significant consequences to its use. Sometimes the effects can be faced and treated, and other times the outcome is a lifelong challenge. During the prenatal period, it is important that new mothers are informed of the different types of abuse, how they may affect the fetus, and the adverse conditions their child mayRead MoreHSM 542 Week 3 Assignment Essay639 Words   |  3 PagesHer Fetus to Risk?† In some ethical and legal respects a pregnant woman and her fetus can be considered separate. Both the woman and the fetus are ordinarily affected by the well-being of one another for as long as each of them live. The ethical and legal issues are challenged deeply in cases where the well-being of the fetus and the mother appear to be in conflict. Our society struggles with identifying cases where the pregnant woman’s interests and/or behaviors might put her fetus at riskRead MoreIn Today’S Society Healthcare Is Changing Rapidly, Mainly1099 Words   |  5 Pagesthat should be addressed is Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS). The valuable information found within so many resources allows for better prevention of FAS, patient centered care, and quality of care for not only the mother, but for the fetus as well. It is important to be able to have access to all types of resources, know how to interpret the information they are providing, educate the patient, and put it into pra ctice in order to put an end to issues like Fetal Alcohol Syndrome. One of the issues thatRead MoreEssay about Fetal Alcohol Syndrome1366 Words   |  6 Pages Many women that become pregnant are unaware of the consequences of drinking alcohol during pregnancy and the damaging effects it has on the fetus. When a woman who is pregnant drinks alcohol, the baby is also drinking alcohol. Furthermore, the amount of alcohol that is consumed by the mother is the same amount the baby receives through the mothers placenta. Many doctors advise that it is okay for the mother to have an occasional drink, however, some women cannot stop at one drink, and they continue

Gun Control in Canada Free Essays

A national conversation on gun control in Canada has instigated the demand for stricter government control of weapons. Canadians have a strong belief in the established practice of â€Å"peace, order and good government†. Our nation is culturally conditioned with the general cultural norm of non-violence. We will write a custom essay sample on Gun Control in Canada or any similar topic only for you Order Now However, with recent news on the increase of gun violence happening in the country, the need to tighten the guidelines on the use of guns is an urgent matter. Recently, the mayors in Toronto and Montreal have asked the federal government to put in place a ban on handguns and assault weapons, and many people are in support of this concept. However, with close ties and the sharing of a border with the United States, the problem of banning guns would not completely go away. The problem with gun control is that these guns can conveniently be smuggled into the country. Either that, or owners with registered guns may legally sell these weapons to people who cannot purchase guns, hence enabling them to use the weapons for criminal purposes. Furthermore, we see the idea of strong regionalism with an urban-rural divide in the country. People living in these rural areas would be more concerned with the ban of these weapons, mainly because the use of their weapons is for hunting purposes. Certain parts in Canada have strong regionalism due to how gun policy is constructed in that area. For example, if we look at Alberta, the province is more open to the ownership of guns, hence a cultural approach to the issue. A potential solution to the problem of gun violence would be to implement a multi-layered system that filters out anyone that may pose a threat to society. The government should place a restriction on gun sales via a program that controls and tracks the number of guns and holds the owner responsible for any damages caused by the weapon. Background checks and criminal record history should be verified for every individual that wants to purchase a gun. Doing so will ensure civilians that their right to own a weapon is not under threat as long as they accept responsibility/hold themselves liable for whatever danger may come through their property (weapon). This way, guns will not be owned by people with a potential of abusing them, so the person is less likely to use it for the wrong reasons. When compared to the United States, where you can buy guns without any background check, this solution should prove to be much more effective. Lastly, to maintain integrity of these policies, a series of checks should be set in place to ensure the weapon is not being sold privately. A suggestion is a weapons check-in system. Gun owners would get a safety check every few years to make sure they still own and are maintaining their weapons. This will ensure that the weapon is being accounted for and has not been sold. It would be a better way to track firearms, which in return, would help in the reduction of gun crimes. In addition, the owner of the gun would be required to renew their license and ensure that their weapon has not been sold without a record. If the following measures are taken, I am certain gun violence may be minimized. How to cite Gun Control in Canada, Papers

Economics Hsc China Essay free essay sample

For an economy other than Australia, explain how government development strategies have responded to the process of globalisation. Globalisation refers to the process of increased integration between different countries and economies and the increased impact of international influences on all aspects of life and economic activity. Since 1978, the Chinese â€Å"tiger† economy has embarked on a process of social and economic reform designed to improve the quality of life of the population and open the economy to global integration. These strategies designed to promote economic growth and development include the Five Year Plan, FDI and trade policy, microeconomic reforms, welfare policy, environmental policies and macroeconomic policies. China’s Five Year Plan forms the basis of the government’s economic and social development efforts in the short and medium term. The plan is essentially the Government’s acknowledgement of the importance of having a prosperous society in an all-around manner. The GFC revealed the inherent structural weakness in Chinese domestic consumption and thus, the FYP is the focus shift from export-led sectors to increasing domestic consumer demand through raising nation-wide incomes to promote growth. We will write a custom essay sample on Economics Hsc China Essay or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page This process has already begun, with over 300 000 people lifted out of the ‘$1 a day’ income level, ensuring development improves by reducing the income inequality between the developed east and the rural west. These increasing incomes will contribute to greater levels of domestic consumption and thus growth, however, there is a risk of cost push inflation. Therefore, China must find a balance between inflationary threats and increasing domestic demand whilst maintaining export-led sectors. Economic growth and development in China is heavily dependent on two of the three engines in the â€Å"tiger† economy – exports and investment. In 2009, China’s exports suffered as the nation’s largest markets fell into recession. China’s subsequent stall in economic growth was not caused by restrictive government policies, rather it was the result of an inefficient growth model and an unbalanced economic structure. It is this that has sparked China’s vulnerability to external shocks. In 2011, China’s exports amassed almost $2 trillion, however in Feb 2012, China recorded a $31. 5 billion trade deficit as a result of the European sovereign debt crisis in which China’s main trading partners plunged into recession. China’s severe BOGS decrease is an attempt to control growth and a sustained level of 7. 5%. Investment policies are also critical for China to achieve economic growth and development. Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) in China is being sought primarily in the redesign of State Owned Enterprises (SOE’s) and in the development of interior provinces. Between 75-80% of World Bank loans to China in 2008 were directed to the central and western regions, the most economically disadvantaged. This promotes increased wealth within China, leading to higher levels of development due to a more positive Human Development Index (HDI), which currently sits at 0. 687, up from 0. 677 in 2010. Thus, trade and investment are critical factors in ensuring that China’s growth remains sustained at 7. 5% whilst still encouraging increases in development. Microeconomic reforms serve to make the chinese economy more responsive, productive and competitive in a global economic environment, ensuring growth and development. There is a need to upgrade chinese industry and limit development in capital intensive industries, and seek high value added industries rather than those without a competitive advantage or ability to innovate in order to encourage investment. The financial system continues to undergo considerable reform to encourage this investment. Major trading banks now must meet requirements to organize loans and credit facilities for SME’s. This access to credit is vital for economic growth as it encourages the domestic consumption engine of the economy. This will become increasingly important for growth as increases in domestic consumption must counter the fall in exports as a result of the European debt crisis.

Ghost Multicasting Essays - Backup Software, Proprietary Software

Ghost Multicasting Ghost Multicasting Ghost Multicasting allows one computer, the Ghost Server, to download a Ghost image from the Server and then redirects the image to other workstations, the Ghost Clients, through the use of TCP/IP settings over the network. The main advantage of Ghost Multicasting is that the downloading time is extremely shortened as only one PC is downloading the image off the Server which dramatically reduces the risk of heavy network traffic. The only disadvantage is that the PC chosen to be the Ghost Server has to have enough free hard drive space to store the image which will then be redistributed. The Two Methods Of Ghost Multicasting. Manually Specified Ghost Multicast ? Using this method you have to manually assign unique IP addresses for the Client PCs by using and configuring the wattcp.cfg file located on each Clients' boot disk. Automatically Specified Ghost Multicast ? This second method is by using Windows NT to automatically assign IP addresses to the Client PCs by the use of the Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol, or DHCP, included in Windows NT ver. 4.00. Manually Specified Ghost Multicasting: Setting Up Ghost Server Disk 1. Prepare a boot disk that includes and loads the necessary network drivers and maps the disk images directory from the network. 2. Copy over the DOS Ghost Server program (dosghsrv.exe) to the same disk and add it to the autoexec.bat file. 3. Copy over the wattcp.cfg file to the disk and change the IP Address, Subnet Mask and Gateway according to network. (A special IP Address should be allocated for the Server PC) Setting Up Client Disks 1. Prepare boot disks in the same order for the server boot disk but copy over ghost.exe instead of dosghsrv.exe. 2. Edit the wattcp.cfg and add in a unique IP Address for each boot disk. (Usually IP Addresses would have been set up earlier for the specific use of identifying ghost client PCs) Ghosting Client PCs 1. Load up the PC which will act as the Ghost Server with the Server Boot Disk and load dosghsrv.exe from the DOS command prompt. 2. Type in a Session Name and select the Image File from the disk images directory on the network. 3. Start up Client PCs with the unique Boot Disks and load ghost.exe. From the Ghost Server, you should see the IP Addresses of the Clients appear in the window as each Client PC loads the Ghost program. 4. Once every Client PCs' IP Address can be seen in the Ghost Server window, you are able to select them all by clicking on Accept Clients. 5. Click on Send to start the deploying of the disk image to the Client PCs. Automatically Specified Ghost Multicasting Setting Up Ghost Server Disk 1. Format a disk and copy over the ghostsrv.exe. Setting Up Client Disks 1. Prepare a couple of boot disks with all the necessary network drivers and commands so that they can map to the network. (The boot disks contain exactly the same information as each other and do not have unique settings.) 2. Copy over the ghost.exe and add the program to the autoexec.bat file. Ghosting Client PCs 1. Log into a Windows NT PC with admin rights and run the ghostsrv.exe from the floppy disk. 2. Type in a Session Name and select the Image File from the disk images directory on the network. 2. Start up Client PCs the Client Boot Disks and load ghost.exe. From the Ghost Server, you should see the IP Addresses of the Clients appear in the window as each Client PC loads the Ghost program. 3. Once every Client PCs' IP Address can be seen in the Ghost Server window, you are able to select them all by clicking on Accept Clients. 4. Click on Send to start the deploying of the disk image to the Client PCs.

Review of Eats, Shoots and Leaves.

Review of Eats, Shoots and Leaves. Review of Eats, Shoots and Leaves. Review of Eats, Shoots and Leaves. By Maeve Maddox Ive finally got round to reading Eats, Shoots and Leaves by Lynne Truss. Heres a book that is not only useful and fun to read, its phenomenal popularity carries a moral for every writer: Dont worry about following the market. Dont try to produce another DaVinci Code or Harry Potter. Write what youre enthusiastic about and kindred spirits will find your book. Who could have guessed that a book about punctuation would hit the top of the charts? First published in April of 2004, Eats, Shoots and Leaves spent 25 weeks on the NY Times bestseller list and by October of that year had gone back to press 22 times to bring the total of copies in print to a million. I cant guess how many copies are out there by now. At a bit more than 200 pages including the bibliography, this little book describes the rules that govern the use of: apostrophe comma colon semi-colon dash hyphen period Plenty of other writing guides exist that describe the use of punctuation symbols, but the Truss book livens the discussion by throwing in history, examples of offensive punctuation, and the cheeky attitude that any English speaker smart enough to achieve an elementary school education ought to be smart enough to use apostrophes correctly. Heres a quotation that illustrates the clear, curmudgeonly style and underlying passion that has made this book a best seller with lovers of the language: To those who care about punctuation, a sentence such as Thank God its Friday (without the apostrophe) rouses feelings not only of despair but of violence. The confusion of the possessive its (no apostrophe) with the contractive its (with apostrophe) is an unequivocal signal of illiteracy and sets off a simple Pavlovian kill response in the average stickler. The rule is: the word its (with apostrophe) stands for it is or it has. If the word does not stand for it is or it has then what you require is its. This is extremely easy to grasp. Getting your itses mixed up is the greatest solecism in the world of punctuation. No matter that you have a PhD and have read all of Henry James twice. If you still persist in writing, Good food at its best, you deserve to be struck by lightning, hacked up on the spot and buried in an unmarked grave. As you can tell from the periods outside the quotation marks in this excerpt, Truss is British. Some of her funny allusions may go over the head of American readers, but most are understandable on both sides of the pond. And she always takes care to note differences between American usage and terminology, such as the fact that what Americans call a period is a full stop in England. Truss doesnt pretend to grammatical credentials beyond those of a professional journalist who paid attention to her elementary education. She is not a linguist or a grammarian. Indeed, New Yorker essayist Louis Menand scrutinized her text for punctuation inconsistencies and takes her to task in a piece called Lynne Truss’s strange grammar (June 28, 2004). He could do no less for the honor of his magazine, considering that Truss makes numerous references to the New Yorkers predilection for over-punctuation. If you havent read it yet, pick up a copy of Eats, Shoots and Leaves. Its funny and it really is a useful guide to English punctuation. Heres a link to Menands New Yorker article. You can also buy Eats, Shoots and Leaves on Amazon. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Book Reviews category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:Possessive of Proper Names Ending in S55 Boxing Idioms"To Tide You Over"

The effectiveness of pelvic circumferential compression devices Term Paper

The effectiveness of pelvic circumferential compression devices - Term Paper Example considered as one of the most common injuries that can result from the different forms of accidents and traumas that can lead to high amount of hemorrhage from any of the following injuries namely, the venous plexus lesion, arterial injury, and localized bleeding of the specific fracture sites (Knops et al. 101). The said condition has high incidence of mortality and recorded as the third leading cause of death in vehicular accident cases specifically motor vehicles (Wayne 39). Pelvic circumferential compression device is defined as an apparatus commonly in the form of a belt with a mechanism for tightening that is put around the pelvis that had been fractured. It works by constricting and preventing any form of movement, thus, it stabilizes the fractured pelvis. The Pelvic Binder, T-POD and the SAM Sling are the most common types of PCCDs (Knops et al. 101; Spanjersberg et al. 1031). Due to the need for immediate method to manage pelvic fracture or trauma, studies on the application of the pelvic circumferential compression devices are prevalent while studies that are focused on the effectiveness of the said devices are scarce. This can be attributed to the fact that applications of new development in PCCDs are immediate due to the need e.g. in emergency cases or emergency medical services (EMS). This can be observed in the data presented in references and guidelines in cases of pelvic injuries. One example is the Advanced Trauma Life Support wherein PCCDs are indicated to be the main method to manage unstable pelvic fracture (Spanjersberg et al. 1031). The role of the PCCDs in managing pelvic fracture specifically in EMS can be considered essential on the basis of the need of such cases for immediate care. If the pressure on the skin exceeding 9.3 kPa continuously affects a person for 2 to 3 hours, the safety of the patient is affected and the effectiveness of the procedure is affected (Knops et al. 101). The objective of the paper is to present the

Ethics Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

Ethics - Research Paper Example Staubus provides a good discussion on the misstatement of financial data and information and their effects on the companys performance exposure. The article focuses ont he relationships which are being violated by such ethical misconducts in the financial reporting. The paper provides insight on the duties, reponsibilities and expectations of the related parties or stakeholders of the organization. This paper aims to reflect on the past and current events of fraudulent or unethical reporting systems. The article focuses on the role of ethical behaviors and corporate governance issues and forms an opinion that ethics is an important part in earnings management and overcoming the barriers of fraudulent financial reporting. This article provides the basic discussion on ethics and its role in the accounting field. The article provides the means of ethics, the role of institutions and education in maintaining ethical behavior and the impact of ethical values on society. The aim of IFAC is to provide guidance and set standards for professional accountants. This paper provides the guidelines of ethical behavior and the standards set for them to follow. The ethical behaviors are, hence, understood by reading these

Understand & explain the Accounting Equation and its components Essay

Understand & explain the Accounting Equation and its components - Essay Example Understand & explain the Accounting Equation and its components Furthermore, it makes sure that financial statements reflect acrual basia of accounting. Adjusting entries are necessary because a single transaction may affect revenues or expenses in more than one accounting period and also because all transactions have not necessarily been documented during the period. The determination of an objective net income as well as the correct balances on the Balance Sheet. There are two types of adjusting entries the deferrals or the prepayments and the accruals. They are further categorized into four types of adjusting entries which includes accrued revenues, prepaid revenues, accrued expenses and prepaid expenses. Accrued revenues which are also referred to as accrued assets refers to revenues whichhave already been earned but have not been paid for and thus have not been posted in the general ledger. These are adjusted in the financial statements by debiting the asset accounts recievable and crediting the the relevant revenue account. An example of ac crued revenue may occur when an architecutral firm offers consultancy services of $ 1300 to a manufacturing enterprise but fails to bill its services untill next accounting period. An adjusting entry to record the income in the correct period would be done by Accounts Reciavable $ 1300 Consultancy Income $ 1300 Prepaid income refers to revenues or money recieved from clients before the services has been earned. The effect of this transaction is at first when the cash is received; cash account is debited and credited as unearned fees or customer deposits. When a Cleaning services company receives $ 1000 being payment for its services for 5 months in advance which includes two months of the next accounting period is an example of a prepaid income. The adjusting entry at the end of the accounting period would be Cleaning Income $ 600 Prepaid Income $ 600 Accrued expenses relates to expenses which have been incurred by a firm but have not been paid paid for. An illlustration of an accru ed expense usually occurs when company pays its rent expense for rent relating tothe previous month. Thus if the rent expense amounts to $ 12000 a month. While recording the last salary payment at the end of an accounting period the adjusting entry will appear as follows; Rent Expense $ 12000 Accrued Rent $ 12000 Prepaid expenses relates to the expenditures which have been paid for recorded as assets which are paid for in advance. An example of a prepaid expense may arise when a company prepays $ 2000 relating to advertising and promotion expense, which relates to the next accounting period. To make adjustment entry in the general ledger the journals will be as follows; Prepaid Advertisement and Promotion $ 1300 Advertisement and Promotion $ 1300 There are other adjusting entries which may bad debts, depreciation allowances and stock or inventory adjustments. One example of such adjustment may arise when a manufacturing company purchases a motor vehicle for $ 0.65 million which is a ssumed to depreciate by straight-line method for 5 years then at the end of the first accounting period to adjust the motor vehicle value to ensure there is no balance sheet overstatement will be done as follows; Depreciation Expense $130,000 Accumulated Depreciation – Motor Vehicle $ 130000 Finance officers to ensure that they record adjustment entries in a computerized accounting system usually conduct a comprehensive mothly examination- cut-off procedures- of trial balance. This is done to ensure that all incomes and

Alfuzosin Hydrochloride and Dutasteride In Tablets

Alfuzosin Hydrochloride and Dutasteride In Tablets ABSTRACT This chapter describes method development and validation of UV First Derivative Zero Crossing method for simultaneous determination of Alfuzosin Hydrochloride and Dutasteride in tablet dosage forms. AIM The main aim of the present study is to develope a simple, sensitive and cost effective UV spectroscopic method for the simultaneous estimation of Alfuzosin Hydrochloride and Dutasteride in tablets, on the basis of zero Crossing measurement. Validation of the developed method for routine analysis of Alfuzosin Hydrochloride and Dutasteride in tablets for quality control laboratories. RATIONALE Alfuzosin Hydrochloride is an alpha-adrenergic blocker used to treat benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH). It works by relaxing the muscles in the prostate and bladder neck, making it easier to urinate Dutasteride belongs to a class of drugs called 5-alpha-reductase inhibitors, which block the action of the 5-alpha-reductase enzymes that convert testosterone into dihydrotestosterone (DHT). Recently both the drugs have been marketed in combination (Alfusin D acts on both the dynamic and the static components of BPH) in tablet dosage forms; combined oral administration has been found to be more effective than either single drug. To the best of knowledge, no derivative spectroscopic method available for simultaneous determination. Derivative spectroscopy provides a greater selectivity than common spectroscopy. RESULT AND CONCLUSION A simple, accurate and precise spectroscopic method was developed for  simultaneous determination of LER and ATE in tablets using first derivative  Zero crossing method. LER shows ZCP at 231 nm while ATE shows ZCP at  250 nm. The 1D amplitude was measured at 250 nm for LER and 231 nm For  ATE and calibration curves were plotted as 1D amplitude versus concentration,  respectively. The method was found to be linear from 4-28 ÃŽÂ ¼g/mL for LER  (r2=0.9967) at 250 nm and 5-30 ÃŽÂ ¼g/mL for ATE (r2=0.9996) at 231 nm. The  within day and between day variations showed coefficient of variation (%CV)  values 1.2 LITERATURE REVIEW 1.2.1 BENIGN PROSTATIC HYPERPLASIA (BPH): It is characterized by hyperplasia of prostatic stromal and epithelial cells, resulting in the formation of large, fairly discrete nodules in the periurethral region of the prostate. When sufficiently large, the nodules compress the urethral canal to cause partial, or sometimes virtually complete, obstruction of the urethra, which interferes the normal flow of urine. It leads to symptoms of urinary hesitancy, frequent urination, dysuria (painful urination), increased risk of urinary tract infections, and urinary retention. Although prostate specific antigen levels may be elevated in these patients because of increased organ volume and inflammation due to urinary tract infections, BPH is not considered to be a premalignant lesion. Adenomatous prostatic growth is believed to begin at approximately age 30 years. An estimated 50% of men have histologic evidence of BPH by age 50 years and 75% by age 80 years. In 40-50% of these patients, BPH becomes clinically significant. How does BPH occur? The prostate goes through two main periods of growth. In early puberty, the prostate doubles in size. Then, around age 25, the prostate begins to grow again and continues to grow throughout most of a mans life. The continuing enlargement of the prostate does not usually cause problems until later in life. However, the second period of growth may, many years later, result in BPH. According to the National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK): BPH rarely causes symptoms before age 40. More than half of men in their 60s have some symptoms of BPH. As many as 90 percent of men in their 70s and 80s have some symptoms of BPH SYMPTOMS: Difficulty in starting to pass urine ( hesitancy) A weak stream of urine Dribbling after urinating The need to strain to pass urine Incomplete emptying of bladder Difficulty to control the urination urge Having to get up several times in the night to pass urine Feeling a burning sensation when passing urine Passing urine mixed with blood (indication of infection) Treatment of BPH   BPH may not require any form of treatment and may just be monitored for any changes or early signs of any problems. In the event that BPH has caused a urinary tract infection, the infection will be treated first with antibiotic medications and then the BPH may be treated. There are several forms of treatment that can be used for benign prostatic hyperplasia that include medications, minimally invasive therapies, and surgery. The two types of medications currently used to treat BPH are alpha-adrenergic receptor blockers and 5-alpha reductase inhibitors.   These medications can prevent the prostrate gland from growing larger and may shrink the prostrate gland in some patients.   How do Alpha blockers work: Alpha blockers work by relaxing the smooth muscle tissue in your prostate and at the opening to your bladder. When this muscle tissue relaxes, it is easier for your urine to flow. This may help if you have difficulty starting to urinate and a weak urine stream. Alpha blockers can start working within two to three days, and may relieve your urinary symptoms in about two to three weeks. However, these medications do not stop your prostate gland from continuing to enlarge. Available alpha blockers include: Cardura (doxazosin) Flomax (tamsulosin) Hytrin (terazosin) Uroxatral(alfuzosin) How do 5 alpha reductase inhibitors work The 5-alpha reductase inhibitors work by interfering with the effect of specific male hormones (androgens) on your prostate. This may slow the growth of your prostate and can even cause your prostate to get smaller, which may help improve BPH symptoms. Men with larger prostates may have a greater benefit from these medications than do men with smaller prostates. But, for some men, size (of the prostate that is) does not matter, and the 5-alpha reductase inhibitors may not give satisfactory results even if your prostate gets smaller. The 5-alpha reductase inhibitors work slowly, and they may take up to six months before you notice any improvement. Available 5-alpha reductase inhibitors include: Avodart (dutasteride) Proscar (finasteride) Both an Alpha Blocker and 5-alpha Reductase Inhibitor Depending on symptoms and the size of your prostate, your doctor may recommend a combination of an alpha-blocker with a 5-alpha reductase inhibitor. The combination of the two types of medications may help more than either medicine alone. 1.2.2 DRUG PROFILE: Alfuzosin hydrochloride: It is an alpha-adrenergic blocker Structure File:Alfuzosin.svg N-[3-[(4-amino-6,7-dimethoxy-quinazolin-2-yl)-methyl-amino]propyl] tetrahydrofuran- 2-carboxamide Dutasteride: It is a 5-alpha-reductase inhibitor. Structure File:Dutasteride.svg (5ÃŽÂ ±,17ÃŽÂ ²)-N-{2,5bis(trifluoromethyl) phenyl}-3-oxo-4-azaandrost-1-ene-17-carboxamide Pharmacodynamic Alfuzosin is a quinazoline-derivative alpha-adrenergic blocking agent used to treat hypertension and benign prostatic hyperplasia. Accordingly, alfuzosin is a selective inhibitor of the alpha(1) subtype of alpha adrenergic receptors. In the human prostate, alfuzosin antagonizes phenylephrine (alpha(1) agonist)-induced contractions Pharmacokinetics  and Metabolism Absorption is 50% lower under fasting conditions Volume of distribution 3.2 L/kg [healthy male middle-aged volunteers] Protein binding 82%-90% Metabolism Hepatic. Alfuzosin undergoes extensive metabolism by the liver, with only 11% of the administered dose excreted unchanged in the urine. Alfuzosin is metabolized by three metabolic pathways: oxidation, O-demethylations, and N-dealkylation. The metabolites are not pharmacologically active. CYP3A4 is the principal hepatic enzyme isoform involved in its metabolism. 1.2.3 REPORTED UV SPECTROPHOTOMETRIC METHODS 1.2.4 Aim and Objective of the present work: Derivative spectroscopic methods are more sensitive than other spectroscopic method according to literature there is no derivative spectroscopic method reported so there is need to develop a sensitive derivative spectroscopic method which is more sensitive than simultaneous equation method so aim is to develop and validate the first derivative Zero-Crossing UV spectrophotometric method and apply that method to simultaneous determination of these drug in marketed formulation. 1.3 EXPERIMENTAL WORK 1.3.1 Chemicals and Reagents Alfuzosin HCl and Dutasteride ALFUSIN D (CIPLA Ltd.) containing 10 mg of Alfuzosin HCl 0.5 mg of Dutasteride were purchased from local market. Methanol of HPLC grade was purchased from Merck Ltd. (Mumbai, India). Purified Water was prepared using a Millipore Milli-Q system (Bedford, MA, USA). 1.3.2 Instrument Spectroscopic Analysis was carried out on a JascoV-650 double beam UV-Visible  spectrophotometer with software of Spectra Manager. The zero order absorption spectra were recorded over the wavelength range of 200-400 nm, against solvent blank, in quartz cuvetts with 1 cm diameter with scan speed of 100 nm/min and fixed value of slit width is 1 nm The ordinate maximum minimum were adjusted according to derivative values. 1.3.3 Development of UV first derivative Zero crossing method: As the Dutasteride is Insoluble in Water 80:20 V/V Mixture of Methanol and Water were used for method development First of all, Individual Zero orders absorption Spectra of both the drugs were recorded by scanning 10 ÃŽÂ ¼g/ml solution. The ÃŽÂ »max of Alfuzosin HCl and Dutasteride was found to be 240 nm 225.5 nm respectively. We have chosen derivative spectroscopy which is based on mathematical transformation of spectra zero order curves in to derivative spectra, which allows a fast sensitive and precise resolution of a multicomponent mixture and overcomes the problem of overlapping of a multi component system. Derivative Spectroscopy on the basis of zero crossing measurement involves measurement of absolute value of total derivative spectrum at an abscissa value corresponding to the Zero Crossing wavelength of the derivative spectra of individual components, which should be only the function of the concentration of the other component. Zero crossing points of Alfuzosin HCl a nd Dutasteride were identified in first derivative spectra. the measurement exhibited the best linear response and have given a near zero intercept on the coordinate of the calibration graph, and is less affected by the concentration of  any other component. Alfuzosin HCl was determined by measurement of its 1D amplitude at the zero-crossing point of Dutasteride was determined by measurement of its1 D at the zero-crossing point of Alfuzosin HCl . 1.3.4 Preparation of stock solution Primary standard stock solution of Alfuzosin HCl and Dutasteride were prepared separately by dissolving accurately weighed amount (10 mg) of drug in 10 ml 80:20 V/V (MeOH:H2O) to produce a concentration of 1.00mg/mL Working standard solution of each analyte were prepared by appropriate dilution of stock solution to get 100 ÃŽÂ ¼g/mL The further concentration required for constructing calibration curve were prepared daily by dilution of 100 ÃŽÂ ¼g/mL working standard. Stock solution of binary mixture was prepared by dissolving accurately weighed quantities of both drugs in solvent. Further dilutions of binary mixture were made to obtain QC samples. 1.3.5 Calibration standard quality control (QC) samples The standard calibration sample were prepared by diluting working standard solution of each analyte to yield seven different concentration over the range of  3-24 ÃŽÂ ¼g/mL for Alfuzosin HCl 3-30 ÃŽÂ ¼g/mL for Dutasteride . Linearity was evaluated separately for each drug using the defined analytical amplitudes (1D), with appropriate seven standard solutions. The QC sample were prepared from stock solution containing binary mixture to yield the low, medium high concentration (4,5 6ÃŽÂ ¼g/ml for Alfuzosin HCl) (20 ,25 30 ÃŽÂ ¼g/mLfor Dutasteride). 1.3.6 Procedure for calibration curve Absorption derivative spectra were recorded over the range of the wavelength range 200-400 nm. Zero order spectra of standard calibration sample of 10 ÃŽÂ ¼g/ml of each drug were recorded against blank. First order spectra were recorded with in concentration range, the value of analytical amplitude 1D231 and 1D250 for ATE LER respectively were recorded. The calibration curve for derivative spectrophotometry were constructed by plotting the drug concentration versus the absorbance values of the first derivative spectrum 1D at 1D 231 and 1D250 for ATE LER, respectively. 1.3.7 Inter-day Intra-day accuracy precision A QC standard prepared binary mixture was evaluated for Inter-day Intraday  accuracy precision. Accuracy was determined as the absolute value of the ratio of the back calculated mean values of QC to their respective nominal  values was expressed as percentage. Precision of assay was expressed as  percentage coefficient of variation (% CV) for QC sample Binary Mixture 1.3.8 Assay of Pharmaceutical dosage form A total number of 20 tablets (Alfusin D) accurately weighed and  powdered in a mortar. Quantities of the powdered tablets equivalent to 10 mg of Alfuzosin HCl 0.5 mg of Dutasteride were accurately weighed and transferred in to 100 ml volumetric flask. Weighed powder was dissolved in 80:20 V/V (MeOH:H2O) mixed thoroughly and kept under mechanical shaking for 15 minutes. Solution obtain was filtered through filter paper and diluted with same solvent to get the concentration within linearity and used for the measurement of derivative spectra. The concentration of Alfuzosin HCl and Dutasteride in tablet were calculated from corresponding calibration curve. 1.4 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 1.4.1 Development of First derivative zero crossing method Derivative spectroscopy on the basis of zero crossing measurement involves measurement of absolute value of total derivative spectrum at an abscissa  value corresponding to the zero crossing wavelengths of the derivative spectra  of individual components. Which should be the function of the concentration of  other component Zero crossing points for ATE LER were found to be 211.9,  225.4, 250, 275.2, 292.2 218.4, 231, 240.7, 310.9, 362.7 nm respectively the  measurement at 250 231 exhibit best linear response. So ATE was  determined by measurement of its 1D amplitude at ZCP of LER (at 231 nm ). LER was determined by measurement of its 1D amplitude at ZCP of ATE (at  250 nm). 1.4.2 Validation23-25 1.4.2.1 Linearity Since beer law obeys between absorbance values 0.1-1, the linearity is  established by plotting points between these two readings in triplicate. for  Lercanidipine HCl linearity found to be between 3 ÃŽÂ ¼g/mL to 24 ÃŽÂ ¼g/mL with  typical regression equation of 0.0015x-0.0003 with regression coefficient of  0.9967 for Atenolol Linearity found to be between 3 ÃŽÂ ¼g/ml to 30 ÃŽÂ ¼g/ml with  regression equation 0.0025x+0.0005 with regression coefficient of 0.9996. 1.4.2.2 Accuracy The accuracy of method was established in triplicate in three consecutive days. At 80%, 100% 120% of the expected sample concentration in synthetic binary mixture, the method found to be very accurate with recovery References M. VAMSI KRISHNA* and D. GOWRI SANKAR Optimization and Validation of Quantitative Spectrophotometric Methods for the Determination of Alfuzosin in Pharmaceutical Formulations ISSN: 0973-4945; CODEN ECJHAO E-Journal of Chemistry Safwan Ashour, M. Fawaz Chehna, Roula Bayram Spectrophotometric Determination of Alfuzosin HCl in Pharmaceutical Formulations with some Sulphonephthalein Dyes International journal of Biomedical science M. SUGUMARAN Extractive Spectrophotometric Determination of Alfuzosin from Its Bulk and Pharmaceutical Dosage Form J. Ind. Council Chem. Vol. 26, No. 1, 2009, pp. 47-49 SYEDA HUMAIRA, AKALANKA DEY1, S APPALA RAJU, SYED SANAULLAH Applications Of Colorimetric Methods For The Determination Of Cinitapride Hydrogen Tartarate In Drug Formulations International Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences Vol 2, Suppl 1, 2010 Md Ruhul Amin, Moynul Hasan, Abdullah Al Masud, Md Hanif uddin,  Md Hasanuzzaman and Mohammad Kaisarul Islam Validated Uv Spectrophotometric Method For Estimation Of Dutasteride In Tablet Dosage Form Islam M K et al. / Pharmacie Globale (IJCP) 2011, 4 (04) Kamila M. M., Mondal N Ghosh L.K A Validated Spectrophotometric Method For  Determination Of Dutasteride In Bulk Drug And Pharmaceutical Formulations International Journal of PharmTech Research CODEN (USA): IJPRIF ISSN : 0974-4304 Vishnu P. Choudhari*, Sacchidanand R. Gite, Rahul P. Raut, Asawaree A. Hable, Sanket R. Parekar, Bhanudas S. Kuchekar Spectrophotometric Simultaneous Determination Of Dutasteride And Tamsulosin In Combined Tablet Dosage Form By First Order Derivative Spectroscopy And Area Under Curve (Auc) Spectrophotometric Methods And Its Application To Uniformity Of Content In Tablet And Capsule ISSN 0976 -044 x Volume 2, Issue 2, May June 2010; Article 013

Evaluation of The Psychoanalytic Approach Essay -- Papers Psychology F

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Analysis of Coming Home Again Essay

The world is becoming smaller day by day, connecting millions if not all within the frame of internet and telecommunication. Hence, traveling abroad or immigration to a foreign land is quite common nowadays. Of course, the decision to move to a new country entails many benefits; however, it is not without problems. One such negative after-effect would be the possible family feud that arises from the clash between family members, mainly that of parents and children, often sparked by provision of new education. Language plays a part in family dispute. As the first generation immigrants, parents are usually confined by their teachings in the language and cultural lessons of their mother country while the offspring are ready to make transition to their newly-adopted home. Problems often arise in most mundane circumstances such as calling the bank, buying clothes, and more. Chang Rae Lee narrates about a personal experience of encountering a bitter argument with his mother as he â€Å"was getting more and more impatient with the difficulty she encountered in doing everyday things†. Although a very trivial matter, the mother can’t make a phone call because of the language barrier. When the son was asked to make a phone call for his mother, the author felt that his mother’s life was â€Å"so small to him†, thus creating a disorder between the two. Language is a way to connect and even divide the family members. Often when families immigrate to a foreign country, the roles of the parents and the offspring switch. Already accustomed to their home country’s culture and values, parents become unfamiliar with the new lifestyle and environment, thus losing responsibility of daily tasks and circumstances. On the other hand, children have the opportunity to adjust themselves to new perceptions and settings, granting them the responsibility to take care of trivial matters. Such reversal of roles that create dysfunctional unnatural circumstances causes the spark of family feud. Wounded and entangled, family feud caused by education is not easily curable. However, Chang Rae Lee, though he experienced a hard time with his mother because of his adoption of American education, recover his bondage with his mother because of his efforts to help her cope with her incoming death, allowing him to gain true understanding of his mother’s sentiments toward him. Through realization of love and sacrifice, the author is able to overcome the family.

Professions of a New Generation You Can Get Without an Academic Degree

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